1. Deadlock Programming
2. Java Deadlock In Multithreading

Deadlock is another issue that might occur due to the use of mutual exclusion events or mutex. In the last tutorial, we have learned to use FreeRTOS mutex API with Arduino. We have seen how mutex can be used to avoid priority inheritance. But mutex also creates an issue of deadlock between tasks. DeadLock will automatically look for all the programs that are using the locked file or folder and swiftly close them so that you can use them again. DeadLock can also take ownership of a file. That said, concurrent applications can see reduced workload throughput if their threads of control are seeing a large amount of lock contention. That is, if threads are blocking on lock requests, then that represents a performance penalty for your application. Note that in JE, a self-deadlock can occur only if two or more transactions. We cannot totally prevent deadlocks, but they can be minimized by following the below tips: Database Normalization. Bad database design is the priamry cause of deadlocks. As a Database Developer or DBA, we must ensure that our databases are properly normalized because it will reduce the likelihood of deadlock to occur.

The Paycheck Protection Program (PPP), created as part of the March CARES Act, provides loans to businesses with fewer than 500 employees. The application window was initially set to run through.

Deadlock is another issue that might occur due to the use of mutual exclusion events or mutex. In the last tutorial, we have learned to use FreeRTOS mutex API with Arduino. We have seen how mutex can be used to avoid priority inheritance. But mutex also creates an issue of deadlock between tasks. Deadlock is a phenomenon when two tasks are in a blocked state waiting for the resources held by one and another simultaneously.

Deadlock Example

For example, in a real-time embedded application, there are two tasks such as Task1 and Task2. Also there are two mutex tokens such as x and y. Task1 starts to execute and takes x mutex. After some time, Task2 preempts Task1 and starts execution after taking mutex y. But after executing some of the instructions, Task2 tries to acquire mutex x. But it is already taken by Task1. Hence, Task2 will enter the blocking state and waits until mutex x becomes available.

Now, Task1 gets to execute again, but after some, Task1 wants to take mutex y, but it is already taken by Task2. In response, it will also enter the blocking state. In consequence, both tasks enter the blocking state waiting for a mutex token that is already taken by both tasks. Therefore, no task will be able to execute. This situation is known as deadlock.

In short, in such a scenario, Task1 will be waiting for the mutex held by Task2. Similarly, Task2 will be waiting for the mutex held my Task1. Neither task will be able to execute, hence a deadlock situation arises.

How to avoid Deadlock using FreeRTOS?

In FreeRTOS, such a type of deadlock can only be avoided by the careful programming of real-time applications. Unlike the priority inheritance protocol, FreeRTOS does not provide any solution to solve the problem of deadlock. It can be only solved while designing real-time embedded systems. We must design tasks such that the deadlock does not occur.

One other possibility is to not use the indefinite waiting time for the tasks to acquire the mutex. Instead use a minimum possible blocked time for the task that will be waiting to take mutex. If a task is not able to take mutex within that time, it should release other resources also. In small real-time embedded systems, deadlock is not a big problem. Because an application designer can easily trace deadlock while designing an application and can remove it before deploying an application in the market.

FreeRTOS Mutex Deadlock Example Code

This code shows the example scenario of deadlock. If you are just starting with FreeRTOS, you can check this getting started guide:

How Code Works?

In this example, we have created two mutexes such as xMutex and yMutex. At the start, Task1 starts execution and take xMutex. After that, Task1 print “Inside Task1” on Arduino serial monitor. Task1 creates another task with priority higher than itself that is Task2. Because the priority of Task2 is higher than Task1. Hence, as soon as it created, Task2 preempts Task1 and starts to execute.

Task2 takes yMutex and prints “Inside Task2” string on the serial monitor. After that it prints “Task2 attempting to take xMutex” string on serial monitor and also attempts to take xMutex. But it is already taken by Task1. Hence, Task2 will enter the blocking state and waits until xMutex becomes available.

After that, Task1 again resume its exexution from where it preempted by Task2. Its prints “Task1 attempting to take yMutex” string on serial monitor. After that, it attempts to take yMutex. But is already held by Task2. Therefore, Task1 also enters the blocking state waiting for the yMutex.

Therefore, both tasks will not be able to execute. Because Task1 is waiting for the resource held by Task2 and Task2 is waiting for the resource held by Task1. Hence, a deadlock situation occurs.

Serial Monitor Output

As you can see from the output of Arduino serial monitor, code is not able to execute further and deadlock occurs.

Video Demo

Recursive Mutex Introduction

It is also possible for a single task to deadlock with itself. A recursive mutex can be ‘taken’ more than once by the same task, and will be returned only after one call to ‘give’ the recursive mutex has been executed for every preceding call to ‘take’ the recursive mutex.

Deadlock Programming

If a task which is already holder of a mutex tries to take a mutex without giving already taken mutex, it is also an issue of deadlock. FreeRTOS API provides a recursive mutex that can be used to avoid such types of deadlocks.

Recursive Mutex Example

For example, Task1 starts to execute and after some time it takes mutex. Task1 is now a holder of a mutex. But it now calls another function. But this function also requires the same mutex. Hence, the function library attempts to access the mutex but enters the blocking state due to the unavailability of the mutex.

Hence, Task1 also enters the blocking state waiting for the mutex but the task is already holding a token. In this situation, a deadlock occurs because of the task itself. But FreeRTOS provides recursive mutex to avoid this type of deadlock.

FreeRTOS Recursive mutex API

These are the API functions used for recursive mutex. The use of these API functions is similar to semaphore tutorials that we have seen earlier. You can read them here:

xSemaphoreCreateRecursiveMutex() : It is used to create recursive mutex.

xSemaphoreTakeRecursive() : Task can acquire/take recursive mutex with this API.

xSemaphoreGiveRecursive() : Recursive mutexes are ‘given’ using this API.

Currently we are using CAP Java. In the ‘before’ section of our CDS event handlers, we are trying to run a UPSERT on the database, so it will be timely up-to-date to provide real-time data.

Java Deadlock In Multithreading

However two (or more) calls simultaneously access the before handle, which causes the transaction rollback described in this article (it says the transaction is rolled back because a deadlock is detected).

1. Can you (or anyone else) confirm that a transaction has already begun when the before handle is accessed?
2. Can you confirm that no two transactions are allowed to write to two different tables in the same database model? (Because that is what seems to be happening).
3. Finally how can we solve this, given that we really need to update/insert into tables in that before handle? We are thinking: is there some sort of way to manipulate the transaction behaviour? Maybe use Update and Insert instead of Upsert?

Thanks…

Kjeld